By IDSE News Staff
Most children and adolescents who received a COVID-19 vaccine were significantly protected from the illness and showed no increased signs of cardiac complications compared with unvaccinated young people, according to a new real-world study led by researchers from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
When the delta variant rose to prominence, the study showed that vaccinated young people were 98% less likely to be infected than their unvaccinated peers, and data indicated that the vaccine’s effectiveness declined slightly when the omicron variant became dominant (Ann Intern Med 2024 Jan 9. doi:10.7326/M23-1754).
In their analysis of 250,000 children with around half of them receiving at least one dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), the researchers covered the periods in which the delta and omicron variants became dominant, in mid-2021 and 2022, respectively.
While previous clinical trials established that the vaccines provided strong protection against infection for children and adolescents, limited evidence of the vaccine’s performance existed beyond controlled settings.
So, the researchers conducted one of the largest COVID-19 vaccine studies of children and adolescents in the United States with the assistance of data from electronic health records gleaned from a national network of pediatric medical centers, known as PEDSnet.
“Our study has longer follow-up than any previous study, which enabled us to evaluate the real-world, long-term durability of vaccine protection against delta and omicron variants,” said Yong Chen, PhD, a professor of biostatistics at the Perelman School of Medicine, in Philadelphia.
One of the main ideas behind the work was to address underreporting in vaccine status to give a clearer picture of its effects. Yet, infection prevention wasn’t the study’s only area of focus. The researchers also explored potential effects on the risk for heart conditions.
“We found no indication of increased cardiac risks during either variant phase,” said Jeffrey Morris, PhD, also a professor of biostatistics at Perelman.
During the time in which the delta variant became dominant, the researchers found that adolescents (defined as patients who were 12-20 years of age) who received the vaccine were approximately 98% less likely to be infected or have severe disease compared with unvaccinated adolescents, with no evidence of increased cardiac complications or significant waning infection protection over the subsequent four months.
Vaccination proved strongly protective against the omicron wave, too, albeit at a lower magnitude than during delta.
Among adolescents, those who were vaccinated were roughly 86% less likely to be infected compared with unvaccinated peers, and their protection against severe illness and ICU admission was similarly higher than those who were unvaccinated (approximately 85% and 91% less likely, respectively).
Among children who were aged 5 to 11 years during the time of vaccination during omicron, the protection against infection was 74% better than in unvaccinated peers. Their comparative protection against severe illness and ICU admission stood at 76% and 85%, respectively.
During the omicron wave, the data showed some reduction in effectiveness in the four months following vaccination, while those who were vaccinated had a lower risk for cardiac complications during this period.
In a follow-up study, the researchers are conducting further work to characterize the direct and indirect effects of vaccination on outcomes tied to long COVID, the phenomenon in which symptoms related to the illness linger for months or even years.
The researchers believe long-term work is needed to better understand how well the vaccines continue to protect their recipients.
“Children and adolescents were the last age group to be enrolled in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. Although the pandemic has been declared over, the risk of COVID-19 is present throughout U.S. communities,” said Christopher Forrest, MD, PhD, a professor of pediatrics at CHOP and Perelman.
“Thus, more information is needed on effectiveness of vaccination delivered to children and adolescents during more recent time periods.”
