By IDSE News Staff
Scientists are calling for clinical trials to test the potential of HIV drugs to prevent Alzheimer’s disease after discovering that patients taking the drugs are substantially less likely to develop the memory-robbing condition (Alzheimers Dement 2025;21[5]:e70180. doi:10.1002/alz.70180).
The researchers, led by Jayakrishna Ambati, MD, of the University of Virginia (UVA) Health System, in Charlottesville, previously identified a possible mechanism by which nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) could prevent Alzheimer’s. That promising finding prompted them to analyze two of the nation’s largest health insurance databases to evaluate Alzheimer’s risk among patients prescribed the medications. In one, the risk of developing Alzheimer’s decreased 6% every year the patients were taking the drugs. In the other, the annual decrease was 13%.
“It’s estimated that over 10 million people around the world develop Alzheimer’s disease annually,” Dr. Ambati, the founding director of UVA’s Center for Advanced Vision Science and the DuPont Guerry III Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at UVA School of Medicine, said in a press release. “Our results suggest that taking these drugs could prevent approximately 1 million new cases of Alzheimer’s disease every year.”
NRTIs prevent HIV from replicating inside the body. But Dr. Ambati and his team previously determined that the drugs can also prevent the activation of inflammasomes, proteins that have been implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. They wanted to determine whether patients taking the inflammasome-blocking drugs were less likely to develop Alzheimer’s.
To do that, they reviewed 24 years of patient data contained in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration Database—made up heavily of men—and 14 years of data in the MarketScan database of commercially insured patients, which offers a broader representation of the population. They looked for patients who were at least 50 years of age and were taking medications for either HIV or hepatitis B, another disease treated with NRTIs. They excluded patients with a previous Alzheimer’s diagnosis.
In total, the researchers identified more than 270,000 patients who met the study criteria and then analyzed how many went on to develop the disease. Even after adjusting for factors that might cloud the results, such as whether patients had preexisting medical conditions, the researchers determined that the reduction in Alzheimer’s risk among patients on NRTIs was “significant and substantial,” they reported in their new scientific paper.
The researchers noted that patients taking other types of HIV medications did not show the same reduction in Alzheimer’s risk as those on NRTIs. Based on that, they said NRTIs warrant clinical testing to determine their ability to ward off Alzheimer’s.
If successful, the benefits could be tremendous, as Alzheimer’s rates are climbing dramatically. Nearly 7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s today, but that number is expected to climb to 13 million by 2050. Further, the estimated annual cost of care for Alzheimer’s and other dementias could rise from $360 billion to almost $1 trillion, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.
“We have also developed a new inflammasome-blocking drug called K9, which is a safer and more effective version of NRTIs,” Dr. Ambati said. “This drug is already in clinical trials for other diseases, and we plan to also test K9 in Alzheimer’s disease.”
Based on a press release.
